铁路休息是国际脱轨的最常见原因之一。这对南非铁矿石线没有什么不同。当大型火车经过裂缝，大缺陷或有缺陷的焊缝时，许多铁路断裂发生。在这种情况下，火车及时放慢以防止驱逐出境的时间通常为时已晚。知道发生轨道障碍的风险与火车经过一部分铁轨有关，可以更好地实施维护计划和缓解措施。在本文中，讨论了矿石线的具体挑战，并审查了当前可用的数据来创建铁路断路风险预测模型。然后提出了矿石线基本的轨道断裂风险预测模型的开发。最后，通过讨论各种铁路断裂风险的各种情况来证明从模型中获得的见解。在将来的工作中，我们计划扩展此基本模型，以允许从实时监控系统（例如超声波破碎的铁路检测系统）输入。

应用于潜在的Dirichlet分配（LDA）的变异贝叶斯（VB）已成为方面建模最受欢迎的算法。尽管从大型语料库中提取文本主题方面取得了足够的成功，但VB在识别有限数据的情况下识别方面的成功较少。我们提出了通过应用于潜在的Dirichlet分配（LDA）的新型变分信息，并将其与金标准VB进行比较并崩溃的Gibbs采样。在边缘化导致非混合消息的情况下，我们使用采样的想法来得出近似更新方程。如果存在共轭，则使用Loopy信念更新（LBU）（也称为Lauritzen-Spiegelhalter）。我们的算法Albu（近似LBU）与变异消息传递（VMP）具有很强的相似性（这是VB的消息传递变体）。为了比较在有限数据的存在下算法的性能，我们使用由推文和新闻组组成的数据集。使用相干度量，我们表明ALBU比VB更准确地学习潜在分布，尤其是对于较小的数据集。

应用于潜在Dirichlet分配（LDA）的变形贝叶斯（VB）是LDA的原始推理机制。由于LDA在2013年的成立之后，LDA的许多VB变体以及VB一般都已开发，但标准VB仍然广泛应用于LDA。变形消息传递（VMP）是传递VB等同物的消息，并且是用于为大量共轭指数图形模型构建变分推断解决方案的有用工具（还有其他模型可用的非共轭变体）。在本文中，我们介绍了LDA的VMP方程，还提供了对方程的简要讨论。我们希望在导出其他类似图形模型的变分推理解决方案时，这将帮助其他人。

应用于潜在的Dirichlet分配（LDA）的变异贝叶斯（VB）已成为方面建模最受欢迎的算法。尽管从大型语料库中提取文本主题方面取得了足够的成功，但VB在识别有限数据的情况下识别方面的成功较少。我们提出了通过应用于潜在的Dirichlet分配（LDA）的新型变分信息，并将其与金标准VB进行比较并崩溃的Gibbs采样。在边缘化导致非混合消息的情况下，我们使用采样的想法来得出近似更新方程。如果存在共轭，则使用Loopy信念更新（LBU）（也称为Lauritzen-Spiegelhalter）。我们的算法Albu（近似LBU）与变异消息传递（VMP）具有很强的相似性（这是VB的消息传递变体）。为了比较在有限数据的存在下算法的性能，我们使用由推文和新闻组组成的数据集。此外，为了执行更多细性的评估和比较，我们使用模拟通过Kullback-Leibler Divergence（KLD）进行比较，以进行比较。使用文本语料库和KLD的相干度量与我们显示的模拟相比，Albu比VB更准确地学习潜在分布，尤其是对于较小的数据集。

鉴于其精确，效率和客观性，深入学习（DL）在重塑医疗保健系统方面具有很大的承诺。然而，DL模型到嘈杂和分发输入的脆性是在诊所的部署中的疾病。大多数系统产生点估计，无需进一步了解模型不确定性或信心。本文介绍了一个新的贝叶斯深度学习框架，用于分割神经网络中的不确定量化，特别是编码器解码器架构。所提出的框架使用一阶泰勒级近似传播，并学习模型参数分布的前两个矩（均值和协方差，通过最大化培训数据来最大限度地提高界限。输出包括两个地图：分段图像和分段的不确定性地图。细分决定中的不确定性被预测分配的协方差矩阵捕获。我们评估了从磁共振成像和计算机断层扫描的医学图像分割数据上提出的框架。我们在多个基准数据集上的实验表明，与最先进的分割模型相比，所提出的框架对噪声和对抗性攻击更加稳健。此外，所提出的框架的不确定性地图将低置信度（或等效高不确定性）与噪声，伪像或对抗攻击损坏的测试输入图像中的贴片。因此，当通过在不确定性地图中呈现更高的值，该模型可以自评测出现错误预测或错过分割结构的一部分，例如肿瘤。

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

Compliance in actuation has been exploited to generate highly dynamic maneuvers such as throwing that take advantage of the potential energy stored in joint springs. However, the energy storage and release could not be well-timed yet. On the contrary, for multi-link systems, the natural system dynamics might even work against the actual goal. With the introduction of variable stiffness actuators, this problem has been partially addressed. With a suitable optimal control strategy, the approximate decoupling of the motor from the link can be achieved to maximize the energy transfer into the distal link prior to launch. However, such continuous stiffness variation is complex and typically leads to oscillatory swing-up motions instead of clear launch sequences. To circumvent this issue, we investigate decoupling for speed maximization with a dedicated novel actuator concept denoted Bi-Stiffness Actuation. With this, it is possible to fully decouple the link from the joint mechanism by a switch-and-hold clutch and simultaneously keep the elastic energy stored. We show that with this novel paradigm, it is not only possible to reach the same optimal performance as with power-equivalent variable stiffness actuation, but even directly control the energy transfer timing. This is a major step forward compared to previous optimal control approaches, which rely on optimizing the full time-series control input.

In the Earth's magnetosphere, there are fewer than a dozen dedicated probes beyond low-Earth orbit making in-situ observations at any given time. As a result, we poorly understand its global structure and evolution, the mechanisms of its main activity processes, magnetic storms, and substorms. New Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, including machine learning, data mining, and data assimilation, as well as new AI-enabled missions will need to be developed to meet this Sparse Data challenge.

Dataset scaling, also known as normalization, is an essential preprocessing step in a machine learning pipeline. It is aimed at adjusting attributes scales in a way that they all vary within the same range. This transformation is known to improve the performance of classification models, but there are several scaling techniques to choose from, and this choice is not generally done carefully. In this paper, we execute a broad experiment comparing the impact of 5 scaling techniques on the performances of 20 classification algorithms among monolithic and ensemble models, applying them to 82 publicly available datasets with varying imbalance ratios. Results show that the choice of scaling technique matters for classification performance, and the performance difference between the best and the worst scaling technique is relevant and statistically significant in most cases. They also indicate that choosing an inadequate technique can be more detrimental to classification performance than not scaling the data at all. We also show how the performance variation of an ensemble model, considering different scaling techniques, tends to be dictated by that of its base model. Finally, we discuss the relationship between a model's sensitivity to the choice of scaling technique and its performance and provide insights into its applicability on different model deployment scenarios. Full results and source code for the experiments in this paper are available in a GitHub repository.\footnote{https://github.com/amorimlb/scaling\_matters}

The availability of frequent and cost-free satellite images is in growing demand in the research world. Such satellite constellations as Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 provide a massive amount of valuable data daily. However, the discrepancy in the sensors' characteristics of these satellites makes it senseless to use a segmentation model trained on either dataset and applied to another, which is why domain adaptation techniques have recently become an active research area in remote sensing. In this paper, an experiment of domain adaptation through style-transferring is conducted using the HRSemI2I model to narrow the sensor discrepancy between Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2. This paper's main contribution is analyzing the expediency of that approach by comparing the results of segmentation using domain-adapted images with those without adaptation. The HRSemI2I model, adjusted to work with 6-band imagery, shows significant intersection-over-union performance improvement for both mean and per class metrics. A second contribution is providing different schemes of generalization between two label schemes - NALCMS 2015 and CORINE. The first scheme is standardization through higher-level land cover classes, and the second is through harmonization validation in the field.